there be 句型一张图搞定——就近原则、时态变化、否定疑问，初中必考
引言
there be 句型从初一开始学，但很多同学到初三还在错——不知道什么时候用 is 什么时候用 are，否定句和疑问句也容易混。
抖音上一条「There be 就近原则+时态+否定全解」视频把这个句型的考点梳理得很完整。这篇文章帮你一次搞定。
基本结构
```text
There + be + 名词 + 地点/时间
```
- There 是引导词，没有实际意思
- 真正的主语是后面的名词
- be 动词的单复数由后面的名词决定
```text
There is a book on the desk.（桌上有一本书。）
There are some books on the desk.（桌上有一些书。）
```
就近原则（必考）
be 动词的单复数，看离它最近的那个名词：
```text
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
（离 be 最近的是 a pen，单数 → is）
There are two books and a pen on the desk.
（离 be 最近的是 two books，复数 → are）
```
口诀：谁近谁做主，单复看最近。
不可数名词
不可数名词作主语，be 动词用单数：
```text
There is some milk in the bottle.（瓶子里有牛奶。）
There is much water in the cup.（杯子里有很多水。）
```
时态变化
一般现在时
```text
There is / are...
```
一般过去时
```text
There was / were...
There was a bridge over the river.（河上曾有座桥。）
```
一般将来时
```text
There will be...
There will be a meeting tomorrow.（明天有个会。）
```
现在完成时
```text
There have / has been...
There have been great changes since 2020.（2020年以来变化很大。）
```
否定句
在 be 动词后面加 not：
```text
肯定：There is a book on the desk.
否定：There isn't a book on the desk.
肯定：There are some books on the desk.
否定：There aren't any books on the desk.
```
注意：否定句中 some 变 any。
一般疑问句
把 be 动词提到句首：
```text
There is a cat. → Is there a cat?
There are some students. → Are there any students?
```
总结
there be 核心考点：
```text
- be 动词看后面的名词
- 多个名词时遵守就近原则
- 否定句：be + not，some 变 any
- 疑问句：be 提前，some 变 any
```
```text
今日小抄：
There is a pen and two books. 就近原则 → is
There are two books and a pen. 就近原则 → are
There isn't any milk. 否定句 → any
Is there a cat? 疑问句 → be 提前
```